Category Archives: Sea Rise

Common Sense & Common Threads

This is horrifically hard.

The pain hits close to home because it is so close to my actual home and because the issues go to the core of who we are, or aspire to be, as a society and a nation.

I am talking about gun violence but I am also talking about the common threads between those who enable the killers, while acting as if the rest of us can’t see them or don’t care.

What happened one month ago is terribly tragic. Beyond my comprehension tragic. Kids are not supposed to die, much less be slaughtered because the adults who are in charge decide to place politics and political favors ahead of common sense and decency. We all deserve better and should all be ashamed of what has happened and that not nearly enough adults used their vote or voices or common sense to have prevented this in the first place (and the second and the third and on and on the killing goes without the adults in charge putting a stop to this and putting the politics aside).

While I am distraught over what took place, I am incredibly inspired by the children and the families that sadly suffer unimaginable pain following the recent mass shooting that took place at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, less than an hour from my home.  Neither the tears that I have shed, nor words, can express how I hurt watching their pain, nor how angry I am over them having been placed in this position in the first place.

But I am also proud that so many young people have found their voices.

And of what they have accomplished with their voices in just one month’s time.

Much is wrong here in America, the America that those incredible students and I will soon lead, but their passion gives me hope that together we can fix what those before us have broken.

To be clear, I can’t possibly compare my concerns for our environment from our global climate change crisis to the murder of 17 innocent people. What I can say is that the same approach, the common thread, to politics and protecting special interest even when it’s illogical and that allows weapons of war to be readily available all over America has been forced upon our environment for decades as a result of an appalling lack of common sense.

This is an AK-15 assault rifle:

AK-15

Military.com describes the AK-15 as follows: ‘The AK-15 is a new Russian assault rifle. It was developed under the Ratnik future infantrymen programme. The AK-15 is mainly aimed at elite units of the Russian military and law enforcement forces, as well as possible export customers. The AK-15 has a cyclic rate of fire of 700 rounds per minute.’

This is a musket of the type that was common in the United States when the Constitution was written in 1787:

Musket

I don’t own a gun but common sense would tell me that our founding fathers did not have an AK-15 or other such weapons in mind when they wrote the Constitution in 1787. As a 2016 article in the Washington Post explained following the mass shooting at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando: They had something much different in mind when they drafted the Second Amendment. The typical firearms of the day were muskets and flintlock pistols. They could hold a single round at a time, and a skilled shooter could hope to get off three or possibly four rounds in a minute of firing. By all accounts they were not particularly accurate either.” 

An AK-15 and other such weapons of war have no place in our civilian society and to twist the Constitution into suggesting that limiting their distribution to military and police would somehow harm our great nation or our freedoms insults anyone with a reasonable level of common sense. To have them so openly available makes me furious.

But before we think that all we need to do is ask our leaders to apply common sense to banning these weapons, think again. Consider the third grade baseball team in Missouri that’s raising money by raffling off (I am not making this up) an AK-15?  Or, speaking of Missouri, consider Republican Congressional Candidate Tyler Tannahill who just before the Parkland shooting announced his own fundraiser replete with, you guessed it, an AK-15 giveaway (and after the shooting announced he would not cancel the giveaway).

As is the case with oil companies, coal miners, utilities and others that pump carbon into our atmosphere, the National Rifle Association (NRA) is expert at raising money, donating it to people in exchange for votes and protection, as well as public relations. How else to explain a President who is open to an AK-15 ban one day and who so totally changes his message the next following a visit by the NRA who then tweets:

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“…and don’t want gun control”?

And how else can you explain how easily and quickly the NRA was able to meet with the President and Vice President? Do most of us have such quick access to the Oval Office (or any)? No, of course not, and that’s because we don’t donate the kind of money that the polluters, the NRA and others like them, pay and pump into our political process to politicians directly, the PAC’s that support them or the advertising that touts them.

Anyone with a brain (or a heart) should want these assault rifles banned just as anyone should understand that coal and fossil fuels have been killing our planet for decades. But when these big businesses and their protective associations and trade groups hear of anyone in a leadership position, or seeking such a position, talking about reasonable limitations they swoop in and flex their wallets and political muscle by threatening to demean and defeat those that want common sense solutions. In the case of gun violence, they expertly change the discussion away from guns by suggesting that the only problem is ‘mental illness’ or ‘first responder mistakes’ or anything other than suggesting that, just maybe, these military grade weapons and their rapid fire enabling accessories should be outlawed.

Should we accept the NRA’s preferred solutions of arming teachers or turning our schools into prisons by surrounding them with walls rather than applying common sense? Of course the NRA would favor arming teachers, a move that would sell more guns (a lot more guns) and would give school children a role model on their campuses to look up to, one with a gun on their hip or in their purse, which would lead some of those kids to want to emulate them and in doing so further expand the NRA’s mission.

What’s also interesting and alarming is that the NRA’s approach is straight out of the same ‘playbook’ used by oil companies, coal producers, utilities and, a generation ago, big tobacco: try to discredit those who oppose you or that suggest that the proposed solutions or science are wrong by attacking them on social and in mass media and anywhere else while hoping that people will soon forget the true cause of the killing or the pollution; that’s another common thread between guns and pollution.

Have we forgotten that just six months ago 58  people were murdered in Las Vegas by a 64 year old man with no known history of mental illness who used 14 AR-15 semi-automatic rifles fitted with ‘bump fire stocks’ that allowed him to fire 90 rounds of ammunition every 10 seconds?  Florida’s new gun laws, laws which the NRA immediately sued to stop, would not have stopped that man from buying those semi-automatic weapons, nor the devices to make them even more lethal.

And you know what else?

Not only is the ‘playbook’ the same but so too are the players themselves and that’s not a coincidence. Climate deniers such as Florida Senator Rubio, Florida Governor Rick Scott and, of course, President Trump and Vice President Pence, are all on board with the NRA narrative as is the Republican Party as a whole. And when it comes to gun violence, much less carbon pollution, the fact that the players, the people themselves, are so often the same is perhaps the most glaring common thread of them all.

Common sense says that an NRA “top rated” Governor should not outlaw the use of phrases such as ‘climate change’, ‘global warming’ and ‘sea level rise’ by his Administration as if they are not real issues in his state at a time when communities all over Florida are forced to begin addressing this problem by spending hundreds of millions of dollars that will soon evolve into billions and, one day, trillions.

Yet, that’s exactly what has long been happening here in Florida by Governor Scott when what we should be doing is shifting our economy to sustainable solutions and the jobs that come with them as if our state’s future depends on it while we can still have an impact on solving the problem.

And our local U.S. Senator, Marco Rubio, a man to whom the NRA has contributed more than $3,000,000 to support was honest about who he is ‘protecting’ when he recently told a national audience on CNN that he will not stop taking NRA money. He’s also been honest about his view that despite scientific evidence all over his state that confirms the growing impact of climate change and sea rise he continues to suggest it’s not real.

And of course there’s the biggest Common Thread of them all, a President that advocates more drilling in our coastal waters, the expansion of coal mining and the dismantling of environmental protections from coast to coast clearly has no common sense about our future so why would we be surprised by his ludicrous suggestion that the solution to school violence is to arm every teacher. Seriously? WTF?

Thankfully, out of this tragedy has come the powerful and passionate voice of children. Teens who are not polluted by politics and are full of hope and, believe it or not, a lot more common sense than many of the adults that other adults have elected to public office.

And while some adults such as Representative Elizabeth Porter, whose appalling speech in the Florida Legislature against these passionate kids from Parkland should lead to her impeachment for displaying such disrespect to so many, it also helps to publicly illustrate how misplaced these common threaded people are in their thinking.

Those kids, and millions of other children all over America, should be embraced for their ideas and should be engaged to become involved in the political process as early in their life as possible because it’s pretty clear to me that many of those who are in charge right now could use our help, much less a dose of our unpolluted common sense.

Machine guns have NO place in our civilian society any more than do products that are pumping pollution into our atmosphere and oceans every day and the sooner we demand that our leaders apply common sense to both problems and cut the common threads between these threats, the better.

#NeverAgain

The Outdoor Classrooms of the EarthEcho Water Challenge

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Most classrooms and schools are pretty noisy places in my experience. The hustle and bustle of everyone coming and going, doors and lockers opening and closing, bells ringing, and the hum of artificial light glowing in the classrooms is not what I’d consider a truly peaceful place.

The classroom and natural laboratory that Miami-Dade Country students get to visit at the Marjory Stoneman Douglas Biscayne Nature Center on Key Biscayne while participating in the EarthEcho Water Challenge, however, is a far more beautiful place indeed.

The shallow waters of the Atlantic Ocean off of Key Biscayne here in Miami are, in fact, extraordinary. The last time I visited the Biscayne Nature Center was when I joined famed world explorer Philippe Cousteau, founder of Earth Echo International, and Sean Russell, the EarthEcho Water Challenge Manager, as we worked with hundreds of local students to help them collect data so that they could participate in the EarthEcho Water Challenge.

The shallow waters that day were still, like a sheet of glass, and the blue, cloudless sky was endless. The beach’s sands were warm and bright white and all in all, it was the perfect setting for the children to gently collect sea life with their seining nets and water samples to test and learn about the importance of our world’s waters.

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As part of the day’s fun, the students participated in the EarthEcho Water Challenge by collecting water samples, testing their samples and then both interpreting and reporting their findings. Along with the wonderful Biscayne Nature Center staff and the students’ teachers we taught the children how to use the EarthEcho Water Challenge kits to test the water’s pH, dissolved oxygen content, turbidity, temperature, and more, and then how to interpret and log their results on line. That work allowed the students to join nearly 1,500,000 people from 143 countries all over the world in participating in the EarthEcho Water Challenge.

And as lovely as our day with the students on the shores of Biscayne Bay was, perhaps the best part is that you too can participate in the EarthEcho Water Challenge!

This year, EarthEcho International and its Youth Leadership Council have created a new program: EarthEcho Water Challenge Ambassadors. Anyone from ages 13-22 can apply to become an ambassador and in doing so, receive an EarthEcho Water Challenge kit that will guide you through all of the steps including testing the pH, dissolved oxygen content, turbidity and temperature of your local waterways and then report your monthly data for use in the Challenge’s Annual Report. You will also be responsible for putting together an event on or around September 18th, World Water Monitoring Day, where you can showcase your work.

Once you have been accepted and received your water quality kit, the rest is easy and includes three steps:

  1. Test: Use your water quality kit to test the water.
  2. Share: Once you’ve tested the water you then enter your data online to our international database and share your story and photos on social media using @MonitorWater #MonitorWater.
  3. Protect: Once you’ve entered your own data you can use it and the resources on our site to educate others in your community about how they can join you in protecting our planet’s water resources.

https://youtu.be/PLSYu5HIUI0

If you would like to apply to be a Water Challenge Ambassador and have the opportunity to work alongside the Youth Leadership Council members, as well as EarthEcho leaders, visit www.monitorwater.org/ambassadors.

Whether your own personal classroom becomes the ocean or a lake, pond, stream or canal near you, have fun completing the EarthEcho Water Challenge. And once you do, I do hope that you will engage others in your community about share what you learned and what your concerns are about protecting our planet’s waters.

Together we can test water quality, share our data, and protect our environment, so sign up today to become an EarthEcho Water Challenge Ambassador!

Coral Bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef

The following article first appeared on the Research Blog for Dr. Neil Hammerschlag’s Shark Research and Conservation (SRC) Lab website at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. To learn more about SRC, visit here: http://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/, or to learn more about the University’s marine science school, please click here: http://rsmas.miami.edu/.

By Delaney Reynolds, SRC intern

Coral reefs are some of planet earth’s most spectacular, diverse and important ecosystems. Our planet’s coral reefs provide important shelter, habitats, and a source of food for many different species of marine organisms. They also act as a critical food source to humans, as well a natural barrier to help protect our coastlines from hurricanes and associated storm surges. Sadly, coral reefs face growing risks including the possibility of extinction from a variety of stresses that leads to coral bleaching.

Coral Bleaching

Figure 1: Coral from which the zooxanthellae has been expelled, causing it to turn white (Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Keppelbleaching.jpg)

Coral bleaching is the process in which zooxanthellae, algae living symbiotically within the coral, are expelled from coral colonies due to a number of factors including an increase in temperature, decrease in pH, exposure to UV radiation, reduced salinity, and bacterial infections. Zooxanthellae provide the coral 30% of its nitrogen and 91% of its carbon needs to the coral host in exchange for a shelter, as well as waste produced by the coral from nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon dioxide that is required for the algae’s growth (Baird, 2002).

When corals bleach, it effects entire marine communities due to their immense diversity. Fish populations that reside around coral reefs “are the most species dense vertebrate communities on earth, contributing critical ecosystem functions and providing crucial ecosystem services to human societies in tropical countries” (Graham, 2008). Researchers have found that when an ecosystem endures physical coral loss, fish species richness is extremely likely to decline due to their heavy reliance on the coral colony itself (Graham, 2008).

Perhaps the most famous current example of coral bleaching is Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Scientists have determined that the main cause of Great Barrier Reef coral bleaching is induced thermal stress and that about 90% of the reef has been bleached since 1998 (Baird, 2002). As the corals bleach and temperatures increase, researchers have determined that shark and ray species that live in the area may be vulnerable to these climactic changes.

Exposure of Ecological Groups of GBR Sharks and Rays to Climate Change Factors

Figure 2: Exposure of Ecological Groups of GBR Sharks and Rays to Climate Change Factors. This figure displays the vulnerability different elasmobranch species face due to climate change, as well as the specific effects of climate change that they are vulnerable to, in the specific zones of the Great Barrier Reef. (Image Source: Chin et al. 2010)

Most of the Great Barrier Reef is located on the mid-shelf of the ocean floor, the approximate mid-point between the shallower coast of Australia and the continental shelf where the ocean bottom significantly drops in depth. Researchers found that the mid-shelf is the area where most of the shark species studied reside, while most rays dwell in coastal waters or closer to the continental shelf. It was also found that both areas are the susceptible to rising temperature, increased storm frequency and intensity, increasing acidity, current alterations, and freshwater runoff, all being caused by climate change (Chin, 2010). Based on these findings, researchers have concluded that the areas these elasmobranchs live in should be protected and preserved. Species in these highly vulnerable areas should also be monitored and considered for future conservation actions, as many of the shark species are already experiencing the effects of climate change from some of the aforementioned factors.

Typically, sharks are considered some of the strongest animals on earth, and while they have lived on earth for at least 420 million years, they are slow to adapt. This slowness has impeded their ability to survive in our rapidly changing climate. In the near future it will be common to see some species of marine organisms demonstrate plasticity, the ability to adapt to their changing environment, but other species, such as elasmobranchs, are expected to simply distribute to other habitats in search of cooler waters. Even though sharks are a highly vulnerable species to climate change, they sit at the top of the trophic level in many different niches and, thus, wherever they migrate to, it will be easier for them to find food than it would be for other species such as fish or rays. However, this is most likely only the case for adult sharks as embryos and juvenile sharks may be more vulnerable to increased temperatures. For instance, researchers found that the survival of bamboo shark embryos decreased from 100% at current temperatures to 80% under future ocean temperature scenarios and that the embryonic period was also shortened, not allowing the embryo enough time to develop fully (Rosa, 2014).

To decrease the effects of climate change on coral bleaching, corrective and mitigation measures can be taken. By utilizing green energy sources such as implementing solar power or wind power, walking or biking, and driving electric cars, we can reduce our use of fossil fuels and carbon footprint, thus decreasing the amount of carbon dioxide polluting and warming our atmosphere and oceans. While underwater and not always visible, coral reefs are truly a vital part of our ecosystem and need to be cherished and protected for generations to come.

References

Baird, A. H., & Marshall, P. A. (2002, July 18). Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Retrieved from https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/1521/1/Baird_and_Marshall_2002.pdf

Chin, A., Kyne, P. M., Walker, T. I. and McAuley, R. B. (2010), An integrated risk assessment for climate change: analyzing the vulnerability of sharks and rays on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Global Change Biology, 16: 1936–1953. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02128.x

Graham, N. A., McClanahan, T. R., MacNeil, M. A., Wilson, S. K., Polunin, N. V., Jennings, S., . . . Sheppard, C. R. (2008, August 27). Climate Warming, Marine Protected Areas and the Ocean-Scale Integrity of Coral Reef Ecosystems. Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0003039

Rosa, R., Baptista, M., Lopes, V. M., Pegado, M. R., Paula, J. R., Trubenbach, K., . . . Repolho, T. (2014, August 13). Early-life exposure to climate change impairs tropical shark survival. Retrieved November 2, 2017, from http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsb/281/1793/20141738.full.pdf

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